phu-gia-nhua-2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\nCh\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh gia c\u00f4ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i t\u1ecfa \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a nh\u1eb1m ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, <\/span>ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0129nh t\u00edch t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a<\/span> nh\u1eb1m <\/span>l\u00e0m ti\u00eau hao \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n\n- Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ee5 gia ti\u00eau t\u00e1n t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o nh\u1ef1a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nT\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c electron t\u00edch t\u1ee5 tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd khi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ho\u1eb7c khi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u1edf s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00ec nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0129nh.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nV\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng electron gi\u1eefa b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ion h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi hai \u0111\u1ea7u \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u \u01b0a n\u01b0\u1edbc. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1ef1a, ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i k\u1ef5 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd di chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u1ef1a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 h\u00fat \u1ea9m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ion h\u00f3a, gi\u00fap c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\nC\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/span><\/p>\nT\u00ednh h\u00fat \u1ea9m: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u00fat \u1ea9m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m t\u1eeb m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed9 \u1ea9m n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a, cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 th\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u00edch l\u0169y hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/span><\/p>\nDi chuy\u1ec3n: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a theo th\u1eddi gian, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau t\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch.<\/span><\/p>\n\u0110\u1ed9 d\u1eabn ion: M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ednh d\u1eabn ion cho nh\u1ef1a, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00f3ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/span><\/p>\n\n- Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u00e0m hai lo\u1ea1i:<\/span><\/p>\n3.1. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong<\/b><\/h3>\n
Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o nh\u1ef1a trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 t\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t polyme. Sau khi cho v\u00e0o nh\u1ef1a, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ion h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang di\u1ec5n ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f3ng \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u0129nh. Ch\u00fang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n l\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a, n\u01a1i ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ti\u00eau t\u00e1n m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ef1a \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/h3>\n3.2. Ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i<\/b><\/h3>\n
Ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 phun, lau ho\u1eb7c nh\u00fang. V\u00ec ph\u1ee5 gia n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t d\u1ebbo, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n m\u1ecfng tr\u00ean b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1ef1a, gi\u00fap ti\u00eau tan m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0129nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch t\u1ee5. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i. C\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 trong kho\u1ea3ng 6 tu\u1ea7n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, l\u1edbp b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 do ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ebd b\u1ecb m\u00e0i m\u00f2n d\u1ea7n do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 v\u00f2ng \u0111\u1eddi ng\u1eafn.<\/span><\/p>\n\n- \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y hay l\u00e0 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 gia ch\u1ed1ng t\u0129nh \u0111i\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0:<\/span><\/p>\n